The Environmental Effects of Stabilization and Structural Adjustment Programs: The Philippines Case

摘要: Macroeconomic policies such as decisions on tax credit and international trade can have more "far reaching pervasive environmental consequences" than individual investment projects. The aim of this paper is to examine 1) the implications macroeconomic in Philippines during 1960s early 1970s before debt crisis 2) consequences stabilization structural adjustment programs financed by International Monetary Fund World Bank. Both periods showed great consequences. A resource accounting model for forestry was used show that development strategy reduced natural assets while increasing external financial obligations. Prior there were new incentives manage forests soils or fisheries sustained productivity. general equilibrium use based tradition Shoven Whalley a neoclassical producer behavior are impacts exchange rate tariff taxation changes. Reflected interactions between supply demand within markets agricultural products economy. models described appendix. results indicate stimulated rapid growth inefficient pollution-prone processing industries particularly Manila metropolitan area. overconcentration nature degradation observed but change appeared too late reverse incentives. findings did not exported resources rapidly finance crisis. During exports declined. Stabilization impact shifting millions unemployed poor households into forested areas onto marginal lands subsistence livelihood. Options limiting damage reform land tenure alternative adjustments support employment less poverty. report directed policy makers assistance agencies institutions developing countries encourage implementation longterm strategies sustainable building human capitals well industrial capital needs. Oversimplifications overgeneralizations belie complexity issues undercut goals.