People and Wildlife: Managing wolf–human conflict in the northwestern United States

摘要: INTRODUCTION The grey wolf ( Canis lupus ) is the most widely distributed large carnivore in northern hemisphere (Nowak 1995) and has a reputation for killing livestock competing with human hunters wild ungulates (Young 1944; Fritts et al . 2003). Wolves rarely threaten safety, but many people still fear them. In western USA, widespread extirpation of by colonizing settlers, depredation on negative public attitudes towards wolves resulted populations 1930 (Mech 1970; McIntyre 1995). By 1970, mule deer Odocoileus hemionus ), white-tailed O. virginianus elk Cervus elaphus moose Alces alces bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis had been restored throughout USA while bison Bison were recovered only Yellowstone National Park. However, persecuted. 1974, protected managed US Fish Wildlife Service under federal Endangered Species Act 1973. 1986, first recorded den over 50 years was established Glacier Park that naturally dispersed from Canada (Ream 1989). Restoration region emphasized legal protection building local tolerance. reintroduced to central Idaho 1995 1996 accelerate restoration (Bangs 1996; 1997). Northern Rocky Mountains population grew 10 1987 663 2003 (US 2003) (Fig. 21.1, Table 21.1).