Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon spp. and Giardia intestinalis in Wild, Semi-Wild and Captive Orangutans (Pongo abelii and Pongo pygmaeus) on Sumatra and Borneo, Indonesia

摘要: Background Orangutans are critically endangered primarily due to loss and fragmentation of their natural habitat. This could bring them into closer contact with humans increase the risk zoonotic pathogen transmission. Aims To describe prevalence diversity Cryptosporidium spp., microsporidia Giardia intestinalis in orangutans at seven sites on Sumatra Kalimantan, evaluate impact orangutans’ habituation location occurrence these protists. Result The overall parasites 298 examined animals was 11.1%. The most prevalent Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype II, found 21 (7.0%). Enterocytozoon bieneusi D (n = 5) novel Pongo 2 were detected only six individuals (2.0%). To best our knowledge, this is first report orangutans. Eight positive for spp. (2.7%), including C. parvum 2) muris 6). assemblage B, subtype MB6, identified a single individual. While no significant differences between different human level groups (p 0.479–0.670) or islands 0.992) reported case E. cuniculi, significantly less frequently wild < 2×10−16) more Kalimantan than 2×10−16). Conclusion Our results revealed that infected by captive semi-wild animals. In addition, parasite localities Kalimantan. contrast, we did not detect any difference studied sources transmission modes infections determined, as would require repeated sampling individuals, examination water sources, sharing habitat