Joint effects of pesticides and ultraviolet-B radiation on amphibian larvae.

摘要: A combination of multiple stressors may be linked to global amphibian declines. Of these, pesticides and UVB radiation co-exposures were examined on the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) provide information that useful for conservation. The independent action model inferential statistics used examine interactions between (malathion, endosulfan, α-cypermethrin, or chlorothalonil) environmentally relevant exposures. alone caused 35-68% mortality nearly 100% malformations. Pesticides had additive effects larval mortality; however, several non-additive (antagonistic synergistic interactions) observed total body length. Insecticides mainly affected axial development, whereas high incidence edema, gut malformations, abnormal tail tips. These results suggest sublethal developmental endpoints more sensitive detecting joint effects. This work has implications risk assessments ecosystems where co-occur.