Foulds' dangerous idea revisited: the multistep development of tumors 40 years later.

摘要: Publisher Summary The chapter focuses on Fould's analysis of tumor progression. idea that tumors evolve after a series mutations provide the cell with selective advantage within gradual process its emancipation from growth control has attained dominating position in cancer research, just as Darwinian natural selection is accepted by all biologists. multistep theory development originated two main sources. Mathematical age-incidence curves indicated most major human arose five to seven mutation-like changes. Horizontal studies history at tissue level, including Foulds' own observations have defined some these steps histopathologic and biologic terms. also discusses oncogenes, suppressor genes, DNA repair genes influence programmed death apoptosis. Genetic instability an initiating or contributory factor many forms development. Several mutational contribute progression colorectal, prostatic, breast carcinomas malignant gliomas are studied molecular level. multiple step escape mechanism multistage carcinogenesis.