2 Transforming Sperm Nuclei into Male Pronuclei in Vivo and in Vitro

摘要: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses transformation at several levels. The morphological outlines of male pronuclear development have been known from light microscopy analyses for over a century. Much further work and the addition ultrastructure analysis enriched views process. four organisms, in which cell-free systems prepared egg lysates, devised to analyze formation: amphibians (particularly Xenopus laevis Bufo japonica ), fruit flies ( Drosophila melanogaster surf clams Spisula solidissirnu sea urchins (mostly Lytechinus pictus ). group represents different fertilization strategies encompasses vertebrates invertebrates. Researchers examine where data these are accord they not. explains recent vitro results, compare them, possible, with corresponding observations vivo speculate some unresolved issues. Experimental approaches, is perturbed, by chemical other inhibitors, extension techniques microinjection sperm nuclei their subsequent analysis, use polyspermic eggs isolation pronuclei or augmentation transcription signals, sensitive reagents particularly fluorescent antibodies autoradiography, most recently added more molecular information insight into regulation transitions. Relatively little attention has yet paid genetic development.