作者: Andrew C. Harris , Jonathan C. Gewirtz
DOI: 10.1007/S00213-005-2155-0
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摘要: Rationale While opioid withdrawal is typically studied under conditions of chronic (i.e., continuous) drug administration, signs can also be demonstrated in both humans and animals after a single exposure. This phenomenon, termed acute dependence, may useful understanding the early stages dependence addiction.