Wilderness discount on livestock compensation costs for imperiled gray wolf Canis lupus

摘要: There is evidence that Wilderness reduces costs for livestock depredations caused by the endangered and threatened gray wolf (Canis lupus) in northern Rockies upper Midwest, U.S.A. From 1995 to 2004, direct compensation came only 47 78 percent of losses anticipated at reintroduction projected from non-wilderness habitat. Compensation was lowest wilderness-rich, central Idaho recovery area ($69/wolf/year), more than doubling greater Yellowstone ($160/wolf/year) where private ranches commingle with extensive grazing leases on public land. Per capita Minnesota Michigan 5 14 wilderness-deficient Wisconsin ($163/wolf/ year). Globally, carnivore tends be higher wild lands are scarce, but husbandry practices subsidies confound discount some regions. Nevertheless, a wilderness (and may mitigate cultural resistance to) conservation programs aimed restoring large predators.