Present situation of biomarkers for copper status

摘要: Serum or plasma copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations are the most widely used laboratory indicators to evaluate status. Both decreased in moderate severe deficiency. The activity of several cuproenzymes is mild However, their use limited by nonexistence standardized assays high interindividual variability because some these affected other conditions. Recently, it was shown that protein expression chaperone for superoxide dismutase (CCS) increased erythrocytes rodents with no traditional have been identified as potential early markers excess. It possible biomarkers studied so far not sensitive enough detect an increase body before appearance functional clinical effects homeostatic mechanisms strong significant changes occur mild-to-moderate exposure. identification appropriate detection represents a major challenge further research, development new approaches, such network biology, allows us search propose candidates be studied. we found CCS mRNA abundance mononuclear blood cells significantly after supplementation. usefulness this indicator should assessed trials.