Smallholder participation in contract farming: Comparative evidence from five countries

摘要: Summary Supermarkets, specialized wholesalers, processors, and agro-exporters are transforming the marketing channels into which smallholder farmers sell produce in low-income economies. We develop a conceptual framework with to study contracting between smallholders commodity-processing firm. then synthesize results from empirical studies of contract farming arrangements five countries (Ghana, India, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nicaragua). The resulting meta-narrative documents patterns participation, welfare gains associated reasons for nonparticipation, significant extent noncompliance, considerable dynamism these value chains as firms enter exit frequently.