Closing the low-carbon material loop using a dynamic whole system approach

摘要: The transition to low carbon energy and transport systems requires an unprecedented roll-out of new infrastructure technologies, containing significant quantities critical raw materials. Many these technologies are based on general purpose such as permanent magnets electric motors, that common across different systems. Circular economy initiatives aim institute better resource management practices could exploit technological commonalities through the reuse remanufacturing technology components In this paper, we analyze implementation processes in electricity generation Isle Wight, UK. We model two scenarios relying renewable with Lithium-ion batteries from vehicles for grid-attached storage. A whole-system analysis considers both demonstrates optimal choice can be dependent opportunities component material recycling between Hydrogen fuel cell makes use platinum obsolete catalytic converters whereas lithium-ion reused storage when they no longer useful vehicles. Trade-offs exist efficiency reuse, which eliminates need grid attached completely by 2033, higher flexibility afforded at level; reducing primary demand Lithium 51% 2033 compared 30% achieved battery reuse. This value a methodology combines detailed representations systemic approach includes multiple, interconnected