A REVIEW OF AMMONIA EMISSIONS FROM CONFINED SWINE FEEDING OPERATIONS

摘要: Ammonia emissions from swine feeding operations depend on the housing type; animal size, age, and manure management, storage, treatment; climatic variables; manure utilization or land application techniques. Techniques or methods for estimating quantifying NH3 flux a source to atmosphere include nitrogen mass balance, micrometeorology, chambers, models, emission factors. Of these techniques, factors, once established, provide most convenience in emissions. However,it is important understand how particular factor is determined whether it accurately reflects composite average all variable conditons. Using an average ammonia factor multiplied by pig inventory determine regional national inventory may be misleading, especially U.S. where existing factors were developed using data facilities in Western Europe. Housing, management practices, climate vary among different regions of can very different from those Western In addition, concentrations estimations have been with a variety methods, making difficult compare results. To representative confined swine feeding operations, that specific enough account type housing system, storage treatment, application, effects. This article describes strengths and limitations as currently used provides recommendations determining realistic emission factors operations. Because limited nature published literature, factors for systems could not presented. Regulators, consultants, cooperative extension personnel, other leaders agricultural community interest in should aware lack reliable available calculating accurate factors. The scientific research standardize measurement, calculation, reporting ammonia emissions.