Non-destructive DNA extraction from Chironomidae, including of fragile pupal exuviae, extends analysable collections and enhances vouchering

摘要: It is well established that the traditional taxonomy and nomenclature of Chironomidae relies on adult males whose usually characteristic genitalia provide evidence species distinction. In early days some names were based female adults variable distinctiveness – but females are difficult to identify (Ekrem et al. 2010) many these remain dubious. Russia especially, a system larval morphology grew in parallel conventional adult-based system. The systems became reconciled with studies underlay production Holarctic generic keys Chironomidae, commencing notably volume (Wiederholm, 1983). Ever since Thienemann’s pioneering studies, it has been evident pupa, cast skins (exuviae) wealth features can aid identification (e.g. Wiederholm, 1986). Furthermore, pupae be readily associated name-bearing when pharate (‘cloaked’) stage visible within pupa. Association larvae later stages much more difficult, time-consuming fraught risk failure. Yet needed by most applied researchers due value immature family aquatic monitoring for water quality, although pupal also advocates (reviewed Sinclair & Gresens, 2008). Few use such purposes as their provenance association body verified only emergence trapping, sampling lies outside regular protocols.