S100 proteins expressed in phagocytes: a novel group of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules

摘要: Damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules have been introduced as important proinflammatory factors of innate immunity. One example known for many years to be expressed in cells myeloid origin are phagocytic S100 proteins, which mediate inflammatory responses and recruit sites tissue damage. An emerging concept recognition involves the multiligand receptor advanced glycation end products (RAGE) Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sensing not only pathogen-associated patterns (PAMPs) but also endogenous DAMPs, including proteins. S100A8, S100A9, S100A12 found at high concentrations inflamed tissue, where neutrophils monocytes belong most abundant cell types. They exhibit effects vitro inflammation vivo. Although binds RAGE, least part S100A8/S100A9 complex depend upon interaction with other receptors. Because divergent expression patterns, absence rodents, different partners described, specific intracellular extracellular reported these it is differentiate between distinct proteins rather than subsuming them term "S100/calgranulins." Analyzing basis exhibited by greater detail bears potential elucidate mechanisms immunity, establish valid biomarkers inflammation, eventually reveal novel targets innovative anti-inflammatory therapies.