Capacity norms on bear viewing platforms

作者: Doug Whittaker

DOI: 10.1080/10871209709359093

关键词:

摘要: Abstract Normative theory provides a useful paradigm for collecting and understanding information about acceptable social environmental impact levels. Initially applied to encounters related contact impacts in backcountry settings, normative concepts have since been greater diversity of settings. This paper applies the approach capacities on two bear‐viewing platforms at Brooks River Katmai National Park, Alaska. A sample 244 bear viewers visiting during distinct viewing seasons were asked specify number people one time. The differed design, was considerably larger than other. Most had could their norms, there strong agreement some capacities. Norms lower levels higher lower‐use September season, smaller platform. Differences norms significant (p <.001), but not as larg...

参考文章(13)
Doug Whittaker, Bo Shelby, , Types of norms for recreation impacts: extending the social norms concept. Journal of Leisure Research. ,vol. 20, pp. 261- 273 ,(1988) , 10.1080/00222216.1988.11969780
Jerry J. Vaske, Bo Shelby, Alan R. Graefe, Thomas A. Heberlein, Backcountry encounter norms: theory, method and empirical evidence. Journal of Leisure Research. ,vol. 18, pp. 137- 153 ,(1986) , 10.1080/00222216.1986.11969653
Joseph W. Roggenbuck, Daniel R. Williams, Steven P. Bange, Denis J. Dean, River Float Trip Encounter Norms: Questioning the Use of the Social Norms Concept Journal of Leisure Research. ,vol. 23, pp. 133- 153 ,(1991) , 10.1080/00222216.1991.11969848
Thomas A. Heberlein, Byron Bruce Shelby, Carrying Capacity in Recreation Settings ,(1986)
Jerry J. Vaske, Maureen P. Donnelly, Bo Shelby, Establishing management standards: Selected examples of the normative approach Environmental Management. ,vol. 17, pp. 629- 643 ,(1993) , 10.1007/BF02393725
Robert E. Manning, Wayne A. Freimund, David W. Lime, David G. Pitt, Crowding norms at frontcountry sites: A visual approach to setting standards of quality Leisure Sciences. ,vol. 18, pp. 39- 59 ,(1996) , 10.1080/01490409609513271
Bo Shelby, Jerry J. Vaske, Maureen P. Donnelly, Norms, standards, and natural resources Leisure Sciences. ,vol. 18, pp. 103- 123 ,(1996) , 10.1080/01490409609513276
Cynthia L. Pierce, Michael J. Manfredo, A profile of North American wildlife agencies’ viewing programs Human Dimensions of Wildlife. ,vol. 2, pp. 27- 41 ,(1997) , 10.1080/10871209709359100
Kristen S. Martinson, Bo Shelby, Encounter and Proximity Norms for Salmon Anglers in California and New Zealand North American Journal of Fisheries Management. ,vol. 12, pp. 559- 567 ,(1992) , 10.1577/1548-8675(1992)012<0559:EAPNFS>2.3.CO;2
Cem M. Basman, Michael J. Manfredo, Susan C. Barro, Jerry J. Vaske, Alan Watson, Norm accessibility: An exploratory study of backcountry and frontcountry recreational norms Leisure Sciences. ,vol. 18, pp. 177- 191 ,(1996) , 10.1080/01490409609513280