The coastal syndromes and hotspots on the coast

摘要: Human intervention has resulted in a number of global and river syndromes that are mirrored by coastal caused erosion, subsidence, salinization aquifers, urbanization, eutrophication, invasive species over exploitation natural resources. These problems now global, with few zones remaining unaffected pristine. However, the particularly severe at “hotspots” zone. include river-mouth systems where fluxes water, sediment, fertilizers contaminants focused; urbanized coasts megacities vulnerable populations concentrated; Arctic effects climate change accelerating fundamental state change; and, low lying risk flooding, storm surges, sea-level rise subsidence such as Micronesian island states managed realignment setback is not an option. A range societal responses appropriate governance frameworks will be necessary to treat syndromes.