R&D spinoffs: Serendipity vs. a managed process

摘要: This paper describes some of the spinoff benefits that can result from R&D projects, and categorizes them in terms dimensions market technical newness. These are discussed with reference to two types spinoffs: 1) alternative applications, when results an project subsequently applied a or use differs originally intended application, 2) second-generation technologies, technology was subject is significantly altered enhanced unanticipated ways through subsequent R&D. Examples Department Energy's Energy-Related Inventions Program integrated into literature review illustrate key concepts, including core degrees newness, robustness, nature connections linking spinoffs prior investments. The concludes by discussing as managerial strategy.