Correlation between production and consumption-based environmental indicators: The link to affluence and the effect on ranking environmental performance of countries

摘要: Abstract Countries and international organizations such as the European Union OECD work with dashboards of sustainability indicators, which include sets pressure indicators that reflect performance a country. Such can be calculated for production – reflecting volume efficiency national economy, but also its specialization respect to consumption, more closely reflects impacts lifestyles includes effects embodied in trade. We determined production- consumption-based greenhouse gas emissions, material, water, land use, solid waste using EXIOBASE global multi-regional input-output model. investigated correlation among different each other, well-known ecological footprint, purchasing power parity-adjusted gross domestic product (GDPPPP), all expressed per capita. Production-based GDPPPP were moderately correlated, highest correlations between pairs [carbon, GDPPPP] [land, water] (ρ = 0.7) low or no other pairs. For footprint however, we find strong coupling carbon, materials footprints, both (ρ = 0.8–0.9 combinations). In general, approach shows much stronger environmental pressures affluence than production-based indicators. The high footprints make it difficult conceptualize how will decouple impact from at level. Further research is required investigate economic specialization, discover new options decoupling GDP