Oak Regeneration: Ecological Dynamics and Restoration Techniques

摘要: The acreage of oak woodlands has decreased in California and Spain, especially the twentieth century. Currently, most surviving stands Spain suffer from regeneration failure it been noted as a problem many California. A lack dispersers transferring acorns to safe (shaded) sites is main recruitment limitation dehesas, where shrub encroachment generally results higher rates. In California, due combination factors. effects introduced Mediterranean annuals, heavy livestock grazing, fire suppression, predation by native non-native wildlife on seedlings are all implicated, depending locale time period. Afforestation instrument for addressing problem, Spain. Natural at local scales favored shrubs, but also supported protecting modifying environment so young oaks can grow height. Complete exclusion limited value hampers seedling establishment increasing rodent density. however, natural only occur seasonally grazed or wholly ungrazed sites, though livestock-dependent landowners reluctant carry out these measures.