The AP-2 family of transcription factors.

摘要: The AP-2 family of transcription factors consists five different proteins in humans and mice: AP-2α, AP-2β, AP-2γ, AP-2δ AP-2e. Frogs fish have known orthologs some but not all these proteins, homologs the are also found protochordates, insects nematodes. a characteristic helix-span-helix motif at carboxyl terminus, which, together with central basic region, mediates dimerization DNA binding. amino terminus contains transactivation domain. first expressed primitive ectoderm invertebrates vertebrates; vertebrates, they emerging neural-crest cells, AP-2α -/- animals impairments neural-crest-derived facial structures. AP-2β is indispensable for kidney development AP-2γ necessary formation trophectoderm cells shortly after implantation; AP-2α levels elevated human mammary carcinoma seminoma. general functions appear to be cell-type-specific stimulation proliferation suppression terminal differentiation during embryonic development.