Coexistence of wolves and humans in a densely populated region (Lower Saxony, Germany)

摘要: Abstract Since the first sporadic occurrences of grey wolves (Canis lupus) west Polish border in 1996, have shown a rapid population recovery Germany. Wolves are known to avoid people and wolf attacks on humans very rare worldwide. However, subjectively perceived threat is considerable, especially as food-conditioned habituation occurs sporadically. Lower Saxony (Germany) has an exceedingly higher human density than most other regions with territorial wolves; thus, potential for human–wolf conflicts higher. Using hunters’ wildlife survey data from 455 municipalities two years (2014–2015) official monitoring (557 confirmed presences 500 background points) collected between 2012–2015, habitat selection was modelled using generalized additive models respect density, road forest cover roe deer density. Moreover, we tested whether use changed response 2012/2013 2014/2015. showed preference areas low Human less important covariate model data. Areas prey abundance (5–10 deer/km2) >20% were preferred habitats. mostly restricted lowest densities. time periods, avoidance decreased significantly. Recolonization Germany still its early stages it unclear where this process will halt. To-date authorities mainly concentrate measures. conflict, recolonization require more stringent management populations improved information strategy rural populations.