Temporal dynamics, diversity, and interplay in three components of the virodiversity of a Mallard population: influenza A virus, avian paramyxovirus and avian coronavirus

摘要: Multiple infections, or simultaneous infection of a host with multiple parasites, are the rule rather than exception. Interactions between co-occurring pathogens in population may be mutualistic, competitive facilitative. For some pathogen combinations, these interrelated effects will have epidemiological consequences; however this is as yet poorly incorporated into practical disease ecology. example, screening Mallards for influenza A viruses (IAV) repeatedly revealed high prevalence and large subtype diversity Northern Hemisphere. Other studies identified avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) coronaviruses (CoVs) Mallards, but without making inferences on larger viral assemblage. In study we followed 144 wild across an autumn season natural stopover site constructed histories IAV, APMV-1 CoV. There was comprising 27 while had comparatively low (with peak 2%) limited strain variation, similar to previous findings. Avian CoVs were common, up 12%, sequence analysis different putative genetic lineages. An investigation dynamics co-infections synergistic effect CoV whereby higher given that birds co-infected IAV. no interactive IAV APMV-1. Disease result interplay immune responses, resources; imperative begin include all factors better understand infectious risk.