High levels of recent wolf × dog introgressive hybridization in agricultural landscapes of central Italy

摘要: Representing a form of anthropogenic hybridization, wolf–dog interbreeding may potentially compromise the ecological and evolutionary traits local wolf populations corrode social tolerance towards wolves. However, estimates extent hybridization in are scarce, especially at multi-pack scale human-dominated landscapes. Using non-invasive (n = 215) invasive (n = 25) samples wolf-like canids collected Province Grosseto (central Italy, 2012–2014), we assessed based on multi-locus genotypes (16 49 loci for samples, respectively) Bayesian clustering techniques. Based total 72 genotypes, minimum proportion admixed individuals our sample was 30.6%, comprising 8 out 13 surveyed packs; however, by correcting undetected using 16-loci compared with 49-loci marker set (26.7%), suspect rate recent admixture could be closer to 50%. While did not detect any F1 hybrid, four had non-negligible probability being first-generation backcrosses, one which likely derived from backcross hybrid into dog population. Complementary genetic markers (i.e., Y-haplotype K-locus) or anomalous morphological further indicated widespread occurrence older generations backcross. This high level raises serious conservation concerns exemplifies expected dynamics if left unmanaged The implications findings need urgently upscaled implementation management interventions that cannot procrastinated longer regional national scale.