Contextual conditioning enhances the psychostimulant and incentive properties of d‐amphetamine in humans

摘要: Learned associations between drugs and the places they are used critical to development of drug addiction. Contextual conditioning has long been studied in animals as an indirect measure reward, but little is known about process humans. Here, we investigated de novo contextual with d-amphetamine healthy humans (n = 34). Volunteers underwent four sessions conducted two testing rooms double-blind, alternating (20 mg) placebo administration. Before procedures began, rated examine pre-existing preferences. One group (Paired, n 19) always received their least preferred room other during sessions. Another (Unpaired, 15) both rooms. Subjective effects were monitored at repeated times. At a separate re-exposure test, preference ratings for drug-associated increased among Paired only, more subjects than Unpaired switched initially room. Also, liking independently predicted test only. Further, reported greater stimulation craving after on second administration, relative first. This study supports preliminary findings that humans, like animals, develop place associated related its subjective effects. These also suggest experiencing consistent environment produces context-dependent changes effects, including enhanced rewarding efficacy abuse potential.