Developing and testing alien species indicators for Europe

摘要: Alien species indicators provide vital information to the biodiversity policy sector on status-quo and trends of biological invasions efficacy response measures. Applicable at different geographical scales organizational levels, alien struggle with data availability quality. Based needs previous work global scale, we here present a set six for Europe, which capture complementary facets in Europe: (a) an combined index invasion trends, (b) indicator pathways invasions, (c) Red List Index Invasive Species (IAS), (d) IAS impacts ecosystem services, (e) incidence livestock diseases (f) costs management research. Each these has its particular strengths shortcomings, but they allow nuanced understanding status Europe. We found that scale impact are steadily increasing across all indicators, although societal recent years increased. The is fit-for-purpose demonstrates overall extinction risks (here shown amphibians Europe) increasing. Introduction pathway dynamics have changed, some decreasing relevance (e.g., control agents) others horticultural trade) providing leverage targeted stakeholder response. presented first time continental basis serve as starting point future improvements, monitoring EU legislation IAS. This will need better workflow collection management. To achieve this, main actors must toward improving interoperability among existing databases between holders.