摘要: The production of haploid plants from isolated microspores Brassica napus (L.) was first reported by Lichter in 1982 (Lichter, 1982). embryo yields these initial experiments were low but have since increased through manipulation the culture technique. Methods for achieving chromosome doubling and producing doubled also been developed. Microspore is about ten times more efficient than anther preferred method haploidy. microspore methodology now employed routinely many B. breeding programmes around world. varieties ‘Q2’, ‘Quantum’, ‘Armada’ developed via culture. double haploids buds to fertile shown Figure 2.30-1. developmental sequence a an 2.30-2.