Molecular Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer: Novel Potential Indicators of Prognosis and Treatment Outcomes

摘要: Although many clinical and molecular markers for predicting outcomes in bladder cancer (BC) have been reported, their application practice remains unclear. Bladder carcinogenesis has two distinct pathways that direct the development of BC. FGFR3 mutations are common low-grade BC, while TP53 mutation or loss RB1 is associated with muscle-invasive However, no tissue-based gene confirmed by prospective large-scale trials BC used practice. Micro-RNA analyses tissue revealed miR-145 miR-29c* function as tumor suppressors, whereas miR-183 miR-17-5p oncogenic miRNAs. In liquid biopsy, circulating cells (CTC), exosomes, cell-free RNA extracted from peripheral blood samples patients to analyze prognosis. It was reported detection CTC poor prognostic factors. biopsy treatment yet be explored. several RNAs, such miR-497 plasma miR-214 urine, could promising novel biomarkers, they only diagnosing case now stands. Here, we discuss biomarkers evaluating measuring outcomes.