From gestation to weaning: Combining robust design and multi-event models unveils cost of lactation in a large herbivore

摘要: Summary The cost of current reproduction on survival or future is one the most studied trade-offs governing resource distribution between fitness components. Results have often been clouded, however, by existence individual heterogeneity, with high-quality individuals able to allocate energy several functions simultaneously, at no apparent cost. Surprisingly, it has also rarely assessed within a breeding season breaking down various reproductive efforts females from gestation weaning, even though availability and requirements vary greatly. We filled this gap using an intensively monitored population Pyrenean chamois expanding new methodological approach integrating robust design in multi-event framework. We distinguished that gave birth not, among reproducing whether they lost their kid successfully raised until weaning. estimated spring summer juvenile survival, investigated gestation, lactation weaning incurred costs next occasion, how heterogeneity influenced detection such costs. Contrary expectations if occur, we found positive relationship adult suggesting non-breeding are poor condition. Costs were expressed through negative relationships both subsequent probability survival. Such could be detected only once (assessed as two groups contrasting good vs breeders) time variations accounted for. Early decreased reproduction, providing quantitative evidence period recognized energetically demanding female mammals critical for neonatal survival. The employed made possible estimate components considered practically unavailable free ranging populations, revealed appeared when different stages effort. From evolutionary perspective, our findings stressed importance temporal resolution which studied, provided insights during internal external factors would expected greatest impact. This article protected copyright. All rights reserved.