Activity patterns of red deer in Białowieża National Park, Poland

摘要: za National Park (BNP), Poland, from 2001 to 2004. Male and female red deer were active throughout the day night during all seasons, with several peaks in activity 24-h period, although both sexes tended be more winter. There no significant differences between males females mean time (8 h/day for sexes), length of bouts (42 min), number (12 bouts/day). Additionally, neither sex showed seasonal hours active, bout length, or per day. However, rainfall affected males, whereas ambient temperature snowfall females. Although are sexually dimorphic, which often leads movements social groupings, our results suggest that their general patterns influenced less by these sexual constraints feeding rumination, daily abiotic factors, possibly predation risk wolves (Canis lupus). Red BNP did not exhibit strong bimodal at dawn dusk as shown previous studies, likely because strict limits on human activities allowed base natural factors than human-related factors.