The Immune System Is a Natural Target for Estrogen Action: Opposing Effects of Estrogen in Two Prototypical Autoimmune Diseases.

摘要: Analogous to other physiological systems, the immune system also demonstrates remarkable sex differences. Although reasons for differences in responses are not precisely understood, it potentially involves hormones (estrogens, androgens, and differential hormone receptor-mediated events), X-chromosomes, microbiome, epigenetics among others. Overall, females tend have more responsive robust compared their male counterparts. It is therefore surprising that respond aggressively self-antigens susceptible autoimmune diseases. Female (estrogen or 17β-estradiol) can act on all cellular subsets of through estrogen receptor-dependent -independent mechanisms. This minireview highlights expression receptors cells, major estrogen-mediated signaling pathways, effect cells. Since has varied effects female-predominant diseases such as multiple sclerosis systemic lupus erythematosus, we will mechanistically postulate potential role these chronic debilitating