Bubble Clouds: A Review of Their Detection by Sonar, of Related Models, and of how Kv May be Determined

摘要: Clouds of subsurface bubbles caused by wind-waves breaking in deep water as whitecaps, or white horses, have been detected upward-pointing sonars. The main results experiments using a vertically-pointing narrow-beam sonar, telesounder, and dual-beam side-scan are described. Brief reference is made to the variety physical phenomena, including internal waves, fronts, Langmuir circulations, which can be through their effect on clouds.