Waging war on modern chronic diseases: primary prevention through exercise biology

摘要: In this review, we develop a blueprint for exercise biology research in the new millennium. The first part of our plan provides statistics to support contention that there has been an epidemic emergence modern chronic diseases latter 20th century. health care costs these conditions were almost two-thirds trillion dollars and affected 90 million Americans 1990. We estimate are now approaching $1 stand further dramatically increase as baby boom generation ages. discuss reaction biomedical establishment epidemic, which primarily apply technologies stabilize overt clinical problems (e.g., secondary tertiary prevention). Because approach largely unsuccessful reversing argue more emphasis must be placed on novel approaches such primary prevention, requires attacking environmental roots conditions. respect, strong association exists between physical inactivity century industrialized societies. Approximately 250,000 deaths per year United States premature due inactivity. Epidemiological data have established increases incidence at least 17 unhealthy conditions, all or considered risk factors diseases. Therefore, present concept human genome evolved within environment high activity. Accordingly, propose biologists do not study "the effect activity" but reality reintroducing into sedentary population is genetically programmed expect On basis healthy gene function, should thus viewed from nontraditional perspective "control" group actually taken physically active with its predisposition provide exciting examples elucidating underlying mechanisms by may predispose individuals disease contributing insulin resistance decreased skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase Some findings surprising remarkable signaling discovered vary type level activity/inactivity multiple levels expression. area underfunded despite impact, final next millennium calls National Institutes Health (NIH) establish major initiative devoted prevention justify several ways, including following estimate: if percentage US morbidity mortality attributed combination inappropriate diet applied NIH's total operating budget, resulting funds would equal budgets two full institutes NIH! Furthermore, fiscal studies scientific foundation(s) targeted strategies other public efforts resulted increased efficacy overall effort. impacts 80-90% 24 integrated review (IRG) topics proposed Panel Scientific Boundaries Review, currently directing restructuring funding system. Unfortunately, investigation and/or mentioned 200 subtopics comprising t