A Historical-Genetic Reconstruction of Human Extra-Pair Paternity.

摘要: Summary Paternity testing using genetic markers has shown that extra-pair paternity (EPP) is common in many pair-bonded species [ 1 , 2 ]. Evolutionary theory and empirical data show copulations can increase the fitness of males as well females 3 ,  4 This carry a significant cost for social father, who then invests rearing offspring biologically are not his own 5 In human populations, incidence correlates remain highly contentious 6 7 Here, we use population-level genealogy approach 8 ] to reconstruct spatiotemporal patterns EPP rates. Using patrilineal genealogies from Low Countries spanning period over 500 years Y chromosome genotyping living descendants, our analysis reveals historical rates, while low overall, were strongly impacted by socioeconomic demographic factors. Specifically, observe estimated rates among married couples varied more than an order magnitude, 0.4% 5.9%, peaked families with background densely populated cities late 19th century. Our results support theoretical predictions context affect outcomes sexual conflict populations modulating incentives opportunities engaging relationships 9 10 11 These findings how contemporary combined in-depth open up new window on behavior ancestors.