Metabolic Syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes, and Cancer: Epidemiology and Potential Mechanisms.

摘要: Obesity is associated with multiple metabolic disorders that drive cardiovascular disease, T2D and cancer. The doubling in the number of obese adults over past 3 decades led to recognition obesity as a “disease”. With 42 million children or overweight, this epidemic rapidly growing worldwide. are both together independently an increased risk for cancer worse prognosis. Accumulating evidence from epidemiological studies revealed potential factors may explain association between obesity-linked risk. Studies based on insulin resistance MKR mice, highlighted roe receptor its downstream signaling proteins mediating hyperinsulinemia's mitogenic effects. Hypercholesterolemia was also shown promote formation larger tumors enhancement metastasis. Furthermore, conversion cholesterol into 27-Hydroxycholesterol found link high fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia pathophysiology. Alteration circulating adipokines cytokines commonly T2D. Adipokines involved tumor growth through mechanisms including mTOR, VEGF cyclins. In addition, adipose tissues known recruit alter macrophage phenotype; these macrophages can progression by secreting inflammatory such TNF-α IL-6.