‘Partial functional redundancy’: An expression of household level resilience in response to climate risk

摘要: Abstract This article extends ecological framings of resilience into socio-ecological and governance domains for urban infrastructure managers concerned with climate risk. Under moments disruption, reliable equitable access to adequate provision public goods is anticipated be increasingly challenging in cities across the world due observed disruptions change variability on city-wide infrastructures. Many facing such conditions are seeing rapid population growth enhancing exposure vulnerability. One example disruptive risk enhanced water scarcity. Private responses Cape Town drought adopted off-grid technologies order secure their own supply while curtailing dependence system. Unintended consequences nascent capacity created by private actors precipitated system transformations accommodation challenges disrupted systems. The novel generated through these demonstrate what identified here ‘partial functional redundancy’ – a key expression resilience. Such response actions partial pragmatic expressions redundancy types reserve as source insecurity.