Heterogeneous response to preventive sheep husbandry during wolf recolonization of the French Alps

摘要: Recolonization by wolves (Canis lupus) of areas extensive sheep breeding in the French Alps early 1990s led to intense conflicts over losses domestic livestock. We used data on depredations and herd management from 45 pastures Mercantour Mountains build models attack kill rates quantify efficiency using livestock-guarding dogs gathering or confining herds at night prevent damage. Efficiency was lowest when were ranging freely highest confined night. The effect livestockguarding heterogeneous across pastures. When night, presence 3 4 predicted a large majority (>95%) kills that would have occurred absence for 81% No found other 19% Confining simply 5 most (94% 79%, respectively) similar conditions but with free-ranging sheep. each these 2 techniques drastically reduced they not jointly. This study suggested several can livestock southern Alps.